Before saying this prayer, and before studying any type of Torah lesson, one must say the blessing on Torah. If you have already said it today, one does not need to repeat it unless he is being called up to the Torah in shul.

(Remember that the "ch" should be pronounced like a clearing the throught sound)
Baruch Ata Adonoy Elohenu Melech haalom, asher kidishanu mitzvatov vitzivanu lehadnicha Tefilin
If one spoke while putting on tefillin, he should also say this bracha

 Baruch Ata Adonoy Elohenu Melech haalom, asher kidishanu mitzvatov vitzivanu al mitzvot tefillin.
There are mitzvah of which it is said that they are worth the whole Torah. Tefillin is one of these. It is also one of the 3 mitzvahs which show the union between Hashem and Israel (the other two are circumsicion and Shabbat). This shows us how important the correct performance of this mitzvah is.
One of the benefits of this mitzvah is that it helps combine a persons mind with his heart, his intelect with his emotions, and there by, uniting them with Hashem. For this reason we place the Tefillin on our head and the other on our upper arm, next to the heart.

First we place the Tefillin of the arm, and as we tighten it we say the above Bracha (blessing). The arm signifies action, deed. The world that we live in is the world of action, and the mitzvot are means of raising that action to Kedusha (Holiness).
We then make sure that there are 3 bands wrapped around the upper arm holding the Tefillin in place. These 3 bands represent the first 3 stages of any creative event. Chochma, Bina, Da-at (Wisdom, Knowledge, Understanding). These are also called the mothers of creation. Theses mothers of creation give birth to 7 other elements, the 7 children. Therefore, we now wrap the arm, under the elbow, 7 times. This ends in the hand, which of course, is the last step in the creative process, and is the limb with which we preform all action and deed.
Then we place the head tefillin on our head and place it right above our hair line and in between our eyes. After this we return to the strap in our hand and wrap it around our middle finger (there are various customs as to how), and then, the remainder of the strap around the hand.

It is very important not to talk while putting on tefillin our while removing it.

And it shall be a sign upon your arm, and for tefillin between your eyes... (Exodus (Shemot) 13:16). To this pasuk Ramban explains that the arm tefillin represents Hashems's strength and our resolve to submit our hearts and power to Him. The head tefillin represents our resolve to dedicate the seat of our intellect to Him.

Nowhere does the Torah say that tefillin should only be worn during prayer, therefore, in earlier days, Tzadikim(rightous men) wore them all day, except when they were involved in activities unbecoming to the the holiness of tefillin. However, the Halacha (Jewish law) requiers that a person maintain intellectual and bodily purity while wearing tefillin, and since this is not an easy thing to do, we no longer wear them all day.

Tefillin should not be worn on Shabbat nor on festivals, and they should only be worn during the morning prayers. There are four separate passages in Torah which command Israel to put on tefillin, and all four are written within the tefillin themselves.

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